Ecology & Empire by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: history, nonfiction
Published: 2012-08-13T12:10:29+00:00

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of Kakadu National Park', in Jim Birckhead, Terry de Lacy and Laurajane Smith (eds), Aboriginal Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas (Canberra: 1992), p. 263.

60. Birckhead et al. (eds), Aboriginal Involvement; Sally M. Weaver, 'The Role of Aboriginals in the Management of Australia's Cobourg (Gurig) and Kakadu National Parks', in Patrick C. West and Steven R. Brechin (eds), Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation (Tucson: 1991), pp. 311-33.

61. In South Africa these are called 'contract parks', of which the Richtersveld National Park was the first in 1991: see David Fig, 'Flowers in the Desert: Community Struggles in Namaqualand', in Jacklyn Cock and Eddie Koch (eds), Going Green: People, Politics and the Environment in South Africa (Cape Town: 199), pp. 112-21.

62. Terry de Lacy, 'The Evolution of a Truly Australian National Park', in Birckhead et al. (eds), Aboriginal Involvement, p. 383.

63. David Foster, 'Applying the Yellowstone Model in America's Backyard: Alaska', in Birckhead et al. (eds), Aboriginal Involvement, pp. 363-4.

64. Robbie Robinson (ed.), African Heritage 2000: The Future of Protected Areas in Africa (Pretoria: 1995).

65. World Congress on National Parks, National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society (Bali: 1982); David Western and R. Michael Wright, Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation (Washington, DC: 1994); N. Ishwaran, 'Biodiversity, Protected Areas and Sustainable Development', Nature and Resources, 28/1 (1992), pp. 18-25; West and Brechin (eds), Resident Peoples and National Parks.

66. For example, the CITES agreement: see Kevin A. Hill, 'Conflicts over Development and Environmental Values: The International Ivory Trade in Zimbabwe's Historical Context', Environment and History, 1/3 (1995), pp.

335-49.

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Chapter 9

Scotland In South Africa:

John Croumbie Brown and the Roots of Settler Environmentalism Richard Grove

The emergence of a critique of the environmental impact of settlement in the British colonial empire was pre-eminently a Scottish phenomenon, albeit influenced by some German and French lines of thought. The primacy of a Celtic ecological critique should come as no surprise. Despite King James and the accident of the Act of Union of 1707, Ireland, Wales and Scotland were England's first colonies and empire in a very real sense, subdued only by overwhelming military force, systematic land settlement, and the development of ideologies of occupation, survey and forced population removal. In considering the roots of settler environmentalism, the subjugation of the Scottish landscape and people under 'British' rule is especially significant. This is so not only because it brought wholesale changes in land ownership, major deforestation and population removal, but also because this brutal colonial imposition coincided temporarily with two powerful intellectual movements: the establishment of Scottish Enlightenment universities, where a brilliant flowering of intellectual life and training emerged; and the elaboration of an intellectually rigorous and socially vigorous Calvinist and Congregationalist Protestantism. 1 The mixture was an awkward but potent one. It gave rise, partly in response to the deforestation of Scotland by English soldiers and capital, to much of modern environmentalism

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